By Denis Hay
Description
The Australia I entered at 15 no longer exists. Discover how government training programs, apprenticeships, and secure jobs shaped a generation and what changed.
Introduction
When I left school at 15 and began my apprenticeship at the Ipswich Railway Workshops in 1957, Australia was a very different country.
For many young Australians, leaving school did not mean uncertainty or years of searching for a career path. There were opportunities everywhere. Federal, state, and local governments employed thousands of school-leavers every year. Public utilities, railways, telecommunications, electricity commissions, local councils, public works departments, hospitals, and government agencies all played a major role in training the next generation.
These organisations trained engineers, tradespeople, technicians, teachers, nurses, and countless other professionals. Many remained in the public sector throughout their careers, while others moved into private industry, bringing their skills and experience with them.
Looking back, I often wonder what happened to that Australia. Why do so many young people today struggle to find secure employment, affordable housing, and a clear path into adulthood?
The answer is complex, but understanding it may help us build a better future.
A Young Apprentice in a Different Australia
My apprenticeship at the Ipswich Railway Workshops gave me opportunities that shaped the rest of my life.
The workshops were not simply a workplace. They were a training ground where experienced tradespeople passed on their knowledge to younger generations. Apprentices learned practical skills, discipline, teamwork, and pride in their work.
Importantly, the training was comprehensive. Governments understood that developing a skilled workforce required long-term investment.
Back then, it was common for governments to see workforce development as one of their core responsibilities.
Young people leaving school could find employment in railways, electricity authorities, telecommunications, water boards, local councils, hospitals, public works departments, and many other public organisations.
For ordinary Australians, secure employment was not guaranteed, but opportunities were abundant.
When Governments Invested in Skills
Australia’s post-war governments recognised that national prosperity depended on investing in people.
Large public enterprises provided employment while simultaneously training future workers.
TAFE institutions and apprenticeship systems were closely linked to industry needs. Governments actively coordinated workforce planning, ensuring that skills shortages were addressed before they became major problems.
This approach produced several benefits:
- A highly skilled workforce.
- Strong public infrastructure.
- Secure employment opportunities.
- Economic growth.
- Greater social mobility.
- A steady supply of skilled workers for private industry.
Many of Australia’s most experienced engineers, tradespeople, and technical specialists received their first training through government-supported programs.
The private sector benefited enormously from this system because it gained access to highly trained workers without bearing the full cost of their development.
Why These Policies Worked
The success of these policies was not accidental.
Governments understood that investing in training produced benefits far beyond the individual worker.
A skilled workforce improves productivity. It supports innovation. It helps build infrastructure. It strengthens communities and creates economic resilience.
Most importantly, it provides young people with hope.
When people can see a pathway from school into meaningful work, they are more likely to build stable lives, purchase homes, start families, and contribute positively to their communities.
For many Australians of my generation, that pathway existed.
Today, many young people struggle to see one.
The Jobs Did Not Disappear Overnight
Many people assume that technology destroyed the jobs that once existed.
The reality is more complicated.
Globalisation
Over recent decades, many manufacturing industries moved overseas in search of lower labour costs.
Australia lost significant parts of its textile, clothing, footwear, automotive, and manufacturing sectors.
Jobs that once provided secure careers simply disappeared from many communities.
Automation
Technology has certainly reduced the need for workers in some industries.
Modern factories can produce more with fewer employees. Computers perform tasks that once needed large numbers of administrative staff.
However, automation alone cannot explain today’s employment challenges.
Throughout history, technological change has cut some jobs while creating new ones.
The key question is whether governments help workers adapt to those changes.
Neoliberal Policies
The most significant change has been the rise of neoliberal policies.
Governments increasingly embraced the idea that markets should decide economic outcomes and that the role of government should be reduced.
Public assets were privatised.
Government departments were downsized.
Outsourcing became common.
Public sector apprenticeships declined.
Responsibility for workforce training shifted increasingly to individuals and private employers.
The result was a gradual retreat from the active role governments once played in creating opportunities.
Another consequence was a change in the way apprentices were trained. When I completed my apprenticeship at the Ipswich Railway Workshops, apprentices were exposed to a wide variety of machinery, techniques, and experienced tradespeople. The objective was not simply to fill an immediate vacancy but to develop highly skilled tradespeople with broad knowledge and experience.
As governments reduced their direct involvement in workforce development and responsibility shifted increasingly to private employers, the nature of training also changed. Many private businesses continue to provide excellent apprenticeship programs.
However, some apprentices receive exposure to a narrower range of work than was once available through large government-run workshops and utilities. As a result, Australia may not only be training fewer apprentices in some fields, but in certain cases, providing less comprehensive training than previous generations received.
What Young Australians Face Today
Today’s young Australians face challenges that were far less common when I entered the workforce.
These include:
- Casual and insecure employment.
- Rising education costs.
- Student debt.
- Housing affordability pressures.
- Increasing competition for entry-level jobs.
- Limited apprenticeship opportunities in some industries.
Many young people work hard, gain qualifications, and still struggle to achieve the level of security earlier generations often took for granted.
This is not because they lack motivation or ability.
The economic landscape has changed dramatically.
The Jobs Have Changed, Not Vanished
One important point is often overlooked.
Useful work has not disappeared.
Australia still faces enormous unmet needs.
We need more homes.
We need more aged care workers.
We need more nurses and healthcare staff.
We need improved public transport.
We need environmental restoration projects.
We need renewable energy infrastructure.
We need upgraded water systems, roads, railways, and public facilities.
The problem is not a shortage of useful work.
The problem is that we have not organised our economy to ensure that these needs translate into employment opportunities.
What Governments Could Do Today
Governments cannot turn the clock back to the 1950s.
Nor should they try.
However, they can learn valuable lessons from the past.
Rebuild Public Sector Apprenticeships
Government agencies could once again become major trainers of apprentices and trainees.
This would help address skills shortages while creating opportunities for young Australians.
Strengthen TAFE
A strong vocational education system is still essential.
Investment in TAFE can help prepare workers for both traditional trades and emerging industries.
Expand Graduate Programs
Governments can provide pathways for university graduates in engineering, health, environmental management, technology, and public administration.
Invest in Nation-Building Projects
Public housing construction, renewable energy projects, transport infrastructure, healthcare facilities, and environmental restoration all create employment while delivering public benefits.
Consider a Job Guarantee
A Job Guarantee could ensure that every Australian willing and able to work has access to meaningful employment at a socially inclusive wage.
Such programs could focus on community development, environmental improvement, aged care support, cultural projects, and local infrastructure.
A Lesson from the Ipswich Railway Workshops
When I entered the Ipswich Railway Workshops as a young apprentice, Australia was investing in its people.
The workshops represented more than employment. They stood for a belief that developing human potential was one of the most important responsibilities of government.
The world has changed since then.
Technology has advanced.
Globalisation has reshaped industries.
Economic policies have evolved.
Yet one lesson is still as relevant today as it was when I first entered the workforce.
A nation’s greatest asset is not its corporations, its stock market, or its natural resources.
Its greatest asset is its people.
When governments invest in people through education, training, employment, and opportunity, society benefits.
When they stop doing so, the consequences are felt across generations.
The Australia I entered at 15 may no longer exist, but the principles that helped build it remain worth remembering.
If we want a future where young Australians can once again look forward to securing employment, affordable housing, and meaningful opportunities, it is time to rediscover the value of investing in people.
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Question for Readers
What opportunities do you think today’s young Australians are missing that were available when you entered the workforce?
References
Ipswicn Railway Workshops 1950s to 1980s: https://www.railxarchaeologyipswichqld.com/31c5-the-ipswich-railway-workshops-later-years/
This is Why Australia Stopped Training Fitters and Turners: https://youtu.be/ELuf41oX2X4?si=eMyLVFze0j87yF9SIn
This article was originally published on Social Justice Australia
Also by Denis Hay
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Why Reclaiming Public Assets Must Be Australia’s Next Step
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Well set out and elaborated, for it shows that we have declined in wisdom from shared knowledge, experience, trust, fellowship, solidarity and flexibility. We now have too many with MBA type raw learning, all rote and overconfident underdone outlooks. With undoubted A I abuses to come, one might well shudder. A purely financial anticipation view is fatal.
Back then we had an economy supporting society. What we have now is a society supporting a god economy…inequality is destroying our country as shareholders rein supreme.
Oxfam said recently 20 billionairs now have more wealth than the bottom 3 million Australians, half of whom are in poverty…. Labor is useless and Hanson and the Libs will destroy whats left.
I see pitchforks as the inevitable outcome.
What a world we are living in!
Donald Trump continues to assault everything he does not understand, including taking care of nature and life on our planet, public health, education, science, international co-operation on issues at the global scale, pandemics, ethical regulation of economic activities, and so on, and so on.
Since the 1972 Limits to Growth report, we have known that we are living on a planet with material limits.
But too many in recent decades chose to pursue endless economic growth on our limited planet.
Now we have crossed 7 of 9 planetary boundaries and 12 of 12 social foundations (see r3.0, Doughnut Economics, Regenerative Economics).
Pouring petrol on an already burning fire (https://www.joboneforhumanity.org/global_collapse_and_humanity_s_great_polycrisis) many governments continue to strive heartlessly to grow GDP.
Too few are striving to go beyond GDP (https://www.un.org/en/beyondGDP) or working to end poverty (https://www.neep-poverty.org/) to generate better social cohesion.
Given these degenerating living conditions, younger generations wonder what the hell is going on!
In the construction industry, two things have happened that limit apprenticeship opportunities and the training available. One is the development of factory-made components and the importation of parts (instead of making repairs). And the other is the loss of continuous employment in the construction industry as much work is on short term contracts. Two examples:
My son did his entire carpentry apprenticeship in a factory making trusses and frames. At the end of the apprenticeship he had a very narrow grasp of the trade – as he said, he had never hung a door.
My grandson became a roofing plumber. He struggled to complete the apprenticeship due to the way construction is organised. A business takes on an apprentice, but in a few months time the work dries up and the apprentice is let go. It is a constant struggle to obtain a job and TAFE place when you are part-way through an apprenticeship. My grandson had to take a number of places including in Brisbane and Adelaide to serve his time in full, and he achieved his TAFE certificate in the end through Recognition of Prior Learning.
I think the concept of group apprenticeships may be the best solution, allowing the young worker to be steered through an industry with the practical learning provided by a number of businesses co-operating to provide the range of experiences and to support the TAFE components
The High Court ruling against the Australian government with respect to indefinite detention is welcomed.
The cruelty of John Howard’s response to refugees claiming refuge under internationally mandated principles has been well-documented, and successive governments have used Howard’s approach as a way to demonise refugees and ensure that the suffering of these people never ceases.
Finally, some sense, some humane response, some appropriate legal positions have been determined. Those who participated in these egregious processes, government apparatchiks, bureaucrats and their ilk, the commercial for-profit businesses who eagerly stood in line to sup from the trough of human suffering, ought to, hah!, unlikely, but still, hang their collective heads in shame.
@ Mr Shevill Mathers: The problem has been the degradation of teacher salaries and working conditions as a matter of policy by all state and feral governments over the past 60+years.
Originally Federal funding was instituted to win votes for Labor from Menzies, and to eliminate the terrible working and learning conditions occurring in too many parochial Roman schools.
Now 60 years on, government funding for private schools is a difficult to control huge feral expense, that politicians appear unwilling to review or reform. Why does a posh private school require considerably more funding because it is located by historical choice in a now leafy posh suburb, compared to a school in an industrial suburb where the kids work part time to help feed their families??
A better solution was established in NZ in the early 80s. A voucher system for the same amount of education subsidy for all students, that the parents could choose which school received that funding by enrolling their off-spring.
Is it equitable to consider the private school system is superior to the state school system and on that fact alone requires heavier government funding, then why do state high school continue to dominate the results of public examinations, as they have done for over 60 years, with only rare changes between state schools for the honour of ”being the best”. James Ruse Agricultural High School was eased off the top in 2025 by North Sydney Boys High School after Ruse was top for the about 25 consecutive years since it opened.
There was some suggestion that some unknown DoE desk jockey ”removed” a JRAHS Principal for advertising the fact of their on-going academic supremacy …..which may have contributed to the 2025 results.
If you want the best academic results then you really need the best educators and teachers. Excellent kids thrive on competition and seek excellence for their own purposes. To achieve these career placements means providing 21st century salary and working conditions that reward excellence on objective parameters rather than Principal’s favourites. Pay peanuts, get monkeys.